Echocardiography Techniques III Exam 1 Practice

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• Bicuspid aortic valve occurs in ____ of the population?
• Which combination correctly describes how echocardiography detects a septal defect shunt and quantifies shunt magnitude using Doppler?
• What are common pitfalls when measuring the peak MR jet velocity in the presence of eccentric jets?
• In Ebstein's anomaly, 2D findings show displacement of how many tricuspid valve leaflets?
• Which finding best identifies mitral valve prolapse on two-dimensional echocardiography?
• Maximum Doppler shift occurs when the ultrasound beam is aligned with flow.
• What are the steps to calculate MR EROA using PISA?
• What are common indications for ultrasound contrast in echocardiography?
• From the A4 view, which tricuspid valve leaflets are visualized?
• How is aortic valve area (AVA) calculated using the continuity equation?
• What echocardiographic findings are suggestive of infective endocarditis?
• How does 3D planimetry measure mitral valve area in mitral stenosis, and why is it advantageous over 2D planimetry?
• What is McConnell sign in acute pulmonary embolism?
• Which four features are evaluated by the Wilkins score for MV suitability?
• Explain the significance of an aortic regurgitation jet timing in diastole.
• Which arthritis is commonly seen in young men?
• From the PSLA RVIT view, which tricuspid valve leaflets are visualized?
• Continuity example: If V1 = 2 m/s, V2 = 4 m/s, A1 = 1 cm^2, what is A2 according to the equation A2 = (A1 x V1) / V2?
• On 2D imaging, rheumatic involvement of the aortic and mitral valves shows which combination?
• Which statement best describes the hemodynamic abnormality commonly observed in patients with combined aortic and mitral stenosis?
• Stroke volume calculated from LVOT Doppler depends on LVOT area; why is the diameter critical?
• Which echocardiographic findings support a diagnosis of acute massive pulmonary embolism?
• In calcific aortic stenosis with MAC, what should the sonographer assess and what condition often results in LVH?
• Which of the following is a Wilkins criterion component used for MV balloon valvuloplasty scoring?
• Which findings are commonly seen with Ebstein's anomaly?
• What is the normal range for TAPSE, and what does it measure?
• Left atrial volume index is expressed in which units?
• Which are common causes of aortic stenosis (AS)?
• Shone's anomaly is best described as which of the following?
• In the setting of calcific aortic stenosis, LV hypertrophy occurs due to which mechanism?
• What is the role of subcostal views in adult echocardiography?
• A ____ RAP is considered when the RA bulges toward the right and the IVC and hepatic veins dilate.
• Which combination is most closely linked to left atrial thrombus formation?
• What is the most common infective endocarditis organism?
• PISA diagram
• What is the role of three-dimensional echocardiography in assessing mitral valve stenosis?
• Which condition can confound the PHT-based estimation of mitral valve area?
• Describe semi-quantitative AR assessment using jet area, vena contracta, and PISA.
• Which statement best describes the left atrial enlargement seen on echocardiography?
• A bicuspid aortic valve with no raphe represents a congenital variant of which valve?
• Parachute mitral valve is described as which appearance?
• Which is a primary clinical manifestation of mitral stenosis?
• Which connective tissue disorder affects the aorta and mitral valve?
• What is the unit of left ventricular mass when calculated with the Devereux formula?
• Which parameter specifically assesses right ventricular longitudinal systolic function by measuring the distance of the tricuspid annulus movement?
• Across a stenosis, is the pressure the same or different compared to pre-stenosis?
• Normally when all valves are competent the stroke volume will be _____ throughout each valve
• In assessing aortic stenosis, what is the significance of the velocity across the aortic valve?
• List the methods used to assess right ventricular function by echocardiography.
• What is the cause of combined aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis (AS+MS)?
• Which components constitute the aortic valve apparatus?
• Which constellation is associated with mitral stenosis, mitral annular calcification, pulmonary hypertension, and thrombi formation in the left atrium?
• Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis is most commonly found in patients with which condition?
• Which two valves are commonly affected by stenosis in rheumatic heart disease?
• If the angle is 60 degrees, the Doppler shift is approximately what fraction of maximum?
• What is the 2D appearance of mitral annular calcification?
• The angle between the direction of blood flow and the ultrasound beam influences the Doppler shift because:
• Elastic fibers breaking down in the arterial media is characteristic of which pathology?
• What is the role of dobutamine in stress echocardiography, and what constitutes a positive test?
• Which constellation is described as senile aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis with mitral annular calcification, left atrial enlargement, and left ventricular hypertrophy?
• Apex foreshortening can lead to underestimation of LV ejection fraction; how can you avoid it?
• Echo findings for carcinoid heart disease describe the valve leaflets as:
• In parachute mitral valve, all chordae insert into how many papillary muscles?
• DSI is defined as which velocity ratio?
• RAP estimation by echo often uses the collapsibility of which structure?
• What does the Nyquist limit define in Doppler imaging?
• Which imaging finding indicates significant tricuspid regurgitation when evaluating hepatic venous flow?
• What is the motion pattern of the anterior tricuspid leaflet in Ebstein's anomaly?
• Elastic fibers in the arterial wall start to break down in which process?
• Cor triatriatum is characterized by which feature?
• How is the murmur of mitral regurgitation described?
• Why are serial measurements of aortic root dimensions recommended?
• What is the normal left atrial volume index (LAVI), and how is it used in assessing diastolic function?
• In left ventricular GLS interpretation, how do more negative values relate to function?
• Which symptom is listed as part of mitral stenosis presentations alongside dyspnea and orthopnea?
• How is the aortic valve area calculated using the continuity equation from Doppler data?
• Which feature best identifies a paravalvular leak from native-valve regurgitation on echocardiography?
• How should the aorta and aortic root dimensions be evaluated by echocardiography?
• List the standard transthoracic echocardiography windows/views used to evaluate the heart.
• During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the aortic root dimension typically measured in parasternal long-axis view?
• Infective endocarditis: which description best explains the formation of vegetation?
• Across a stenosis, is velocity the same or different compared to before?
• What are the MR severity thresholds by EROA?
• What are the key transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) views and indications for TEE in suspected endocarditis?
• The opening snap in mitral stenosis is best heard near the apex and occurs in which part of diastole?
• Infective endocarditis vegetations form as microorganisms adhere to what surface?
• Which of the following is NOT a variable affecting the Doppler shift?
• Which condition causes aortic root dilation?
• Compare 2D and 3D quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: which statement is true?
• Which left ventricular state is described as a dilated LV?
• Which M-mode findings are associated with mitral stenosis?
• In the assessment of aortic stenosis, which data complements AVA to classify severity?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the Wilkins scoring criteria for MV balloon valvuloplasty?
• Stroke volume (SV) is commonly calculated using which Doppler equation?
• Which of the following best describes what echocardiography should assess when evaluating aortic stenosis?
• Which of the following is a cause of mitral regurgitation?
• Which lesion is NOT part of Shone's anomaly?
• The opening snap in mitral stenosis occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
• How is pulmonary hypertension assessed by echocardiography in terms of TR velocity and supplementary signs?
• Which of the following is included in the echocardiographic assessment of aortic stenosis?
• Which form of arthritis typically progresses in men?
• In PISA, how is Flow calculated?
• Which measurement is used to estimate pulmonary valve gradients when indicated?
• Which is a sign or symptom of severe tricuspid regurgitation?
• Which arthritis affects the center of the valve leaflets?
• What is the typical mitral valve area range considered moderate?
• In the continuity equation for flow through a stenosis, which expression relates A2, A1, V1, and V2?
• What are the primary clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis?
• Which of the following is a classic connective tissue disorder affecting the aorta and heart valves?
• What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?
• A 90-degree Doppler angle yields zero Doppler shift. Which option lists 90 degrees as the angle?
• How can prosthetic valve regurgitation be quantified by echo, and what findings differentiate from paravalvular leak?
• Which arthritis is commonly seen in young men?
• In bubble contrast echocardiography, what finding indicates an intracardiac shunt?
• Which acquisition approach for 3D left ventricular measurements is most consistent with optimized spatial/temporal resolution while requiring stable respiration?
• In a stenosis, how does the volumetric flow compare before and after?
• Which secondary findings are associated with calcific aortic stenosis and mitral annular calcification (MAC)?
• Which combination defines grade II diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal) per ASE/EACVI guidelines?
• Which of the following conditions is most consistent with a constellation including mitral stenosis, MAC, PHTN, and LA thrombi?
• What is vena contracta in the assessment of mitral regurgitation?
• Which methods are used to estimate the severity of mitral stenosis?
• What are common etiologies of tricuspid regurgitation and how is severity quantified?
• Which parameter is used to estimate systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) from echocardiography, with corroboration by additional signs?
• How do you evaluate the pulmonary valve and RV inflow in echo?
• Which of the following best describes the leaflet motion in carcinoid heart disease?
• The murmur and click associated with mitral valve prolapse are described as which timing?
• From the PSSA aortic view, which tricuspid valve leaflets are visualized?
• Left atrial enlargement is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which form of arthritis tends to progress in men?
• Estimation of severity of rheumatic MV and AoV should be calculated using which metrics?
• The right atrial pressure (RAP) can be estimated by the distensibility or collapsibility of which vein?
• How is right ventricular systolic pressure estimated noninvasively?
• Which of the following is a common echocardiographic artifact that can mimic pathology or obscure findings?
• What does E/e' estimate in echocardiography?
• Which statement best describes the vena contracta?
• Rheumatic fever most commonly causes stenosis of which valve?
• Why is indexing LV volumes to body size important, and which index is commonly used?
• How is prosthetic valve function evaluated by Doppler in echocardiography?
• Describe how to perform PISA to quantify mitral regurgitation and what parameters you derive.
• What is the formula for estimating right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP)?
• Cystic medial necrosis is best described as which pathology?
• In addition to LV assessment, echocardiography in aortic stenosis should estimate what?
• Which TEE views are most sensitive for detecting vegetations in suspected infective endocarditis?
• PISA-derived calculations for ERO rely on which variables?
• RVVO is typically which shape?
• What is the Devereux formula for calculating left ventricular mass?
• Left atrial enlargement in AS+MS predisposes to which complication?
• In rheumatic MV and AoV disease, 2D imaging shows which combination of valve changes?
• For the continuity equation in Doppler, how should LVOT diameter be measured?
• Which auscultation finding is consistent with mitral stenosis?
• How is mitral stenosis severity estimated by the mitral valve pressure half-time (PHT) method?
• Outline the protocol and endpoints of pharmacologic stress echocardiography using dobutamine.
• Which parameter is used to estimate stroke volume in Doppler echocardiography?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of Bernoulli's equation in hemodynamics?
• Which gradient value corresponds to mild mitral stenosis according to the provided context?
• Which statement accurately describes Celermajer index use in Ebstein’s anomaly?
• What is tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and its primary uses?
• In rheumatic valve disease, which valves are typically stenotic?
• A diagram labeled as the aortic root would most likely illustrate which anatomy?
• A mitral valve area of 1.2 cm² falls within the moderate range.
• Which option correctly identifies a sign or finding that may support pseudonormal filling pressures in grade II diastolic dysfunction?
• Which statement best reflects the primary clinical manifestations of aortic stenosis?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy?
• What is the most common cause of infective endocarditis?
• Outline the steps of bubble contrast study for detecting intracardiac shunts.
• Which symptom can be present in mitral stenosis presentations and is listed among the disease's manifestations?
• Secondary complications of AS+MS include which of the following?
• Which statement about 3D LV quantification is true?
• What is the 2D appearance of the mitral valve in mitral stenosis on echocardiography?
• Which of the following equations best describes stroke volume by Doppler echocardiography?
• What is the correct method to calculate LVOT area?
• Which Doppler measure is used to determine the severity of pulmonary stenosis?
• Pressure increase and chamber dilation in order to maintain a normal CO is known as the ___________ Law
• What equation expresses the PISA calculation for calculating the effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) in mitral regurgitation?
• What is contrast echocardiography and when is it used?
• Which practice reduces apical foreshortening in three-dimensional LV volume assessment?
• Why is apical foreshortening a problem for 3D LV volume estimation, and how can you minimize it?
• Which measurement is required to calculate LVOT area for stroke volume estimation?
• Myxoma is a benign tumor typically attached to which structure and prolapsing into which valve?
• Why is consistency important when calculating LV ejection fraction by 2D or 3D methods?
• Which scenario biases the PISA method when quantifying MR?
• Mitral valve prolapse murmur is associated with which timing of click and murmur?
• A mean gradient of 5 mmHg is consistent with which severity of mitral stenosis?
• In evaluating left ventricular diastolic function using echocardiography, which combination of measurements is used?
• What is the typical mitral valve morphology in mitral stenosis?
• Which index is used to calculate Ebstein's anomaly severity by measuring the RA including the atrialized portion of the RV and comparing to the combined RV and left heart?
• What is the role of echocardiography in evaluating aortic stenosis?
• What term describes the narrowest part of a jet downstream from a narrowed orifice?
• Which option best represents the indirect signs used to assess the severity of pulmonary regurgitation?
• Which of the following is the correct expression for EROA in the PISA method?
• In Ebstein's anomaly, what are the apical displacement thresholds for the septal leaflet in infants and adults, respectively?
• In the PISA method, which term defines the velocity used to detect the aliasing?